Dynamics of energy consumption and electrification in the rural community of El Macho

Abstract

Introduction: The analysis of electricity consumption and electrification prospects in the rural community of El Macho requires a systemic approach that articulates technical, social, and territorial dimensions. Located in the foothills of the Sierra Maestra (Santiago de Cuba province), the town constitutes a relevant case study due to the coexistence of a 45 kVA diesel generator that supplies a community microgrid and a mosaic of isolated photovoltaic systems (SPVS). Objective: To propose alternatives that optimize decision-making for the electrification of isolated rural communities, using El Macho as a case study. Methods: A mixed methodology was applied that integrated structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, participant observation, focus groups, and stakeholder mapping. The triangulation of these techniques allowed for the validation of information and the capture of the sociotechnical complexity of the local energy system. Results: The assessment revealed a variety of supply methods with varying efficiency levels; deterioration of distribution networks and internal electrical installations in homes; and strong socioeconomic factors that impact consumption patterns and the acceptance of renewable technologies. Furthermore, high community acceptance of photovoltaic solutions was identified, and alternative electrification proposals were outlined with an equity focus, integrating local participation and sustainability. Conclusions: Critical areas of intervention were defined, and electrification strategies that integrate inclusion, community participation, and sustainability were formulated. These proposals offer an operational framework for reducing the energy vulnerability of isolated rural communities in Cuba, contributing to more equitable local development.